过表达肝细胞核因子4α脐带间充质干细胞促进小鼠大部肝切后肝再生

目的：探讨人源性脐带间充质干细胞（UC-MSC）以及过表达肝细胞核因子4α（HNF4α）的UC-MSC能否促进小鼠大部肝切后肝再生。方法体外分离、培养、鉴定人UC-MSC,慢病毒转染过表达HNF4α。体外收集细胞培养上清液,将L02与上清液共培养,通过细胞增殖实验试剂盒（CCK8）检测细胞增殖活性。体内实验建立肝大部切除模型（约70%）,分别经尾静脉向肝切除小鼠移植0.9%生理盐水（NS）、MSC、MSC-HNF4α。48h后比较3组肝切后肝再生的变化,通过免疫组化来观察肝标本Ki67的表达。结果成功分离鉴定UC-MSC,并且成功建立稳定过表达HNF4α的MSC。体外实验MSC组和MSC-HNF4α组中L02的增殖能力都明显高于NS组（P＜0.01）,MSC组高于MSC-HNF4α组（P＜0.05）。同样体内实验相对于NS组,经MSC或MSC-HNF4α细胞处理的肝脏,其Ki67的表达明显高于NS组（ P＜0.01）,同样MSC组高于MSC-HNF4α组（P＜0.05）。结论 UC-MSC和过表达HNF4α的MSC都分泌一系列因子促进肝再生。     

Plumbagin induces apoptotic and autophagic cell death through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer cells

Plumbagin (PLB) has shown anti-cancer activity but the mechanism is unclear. This study has found that PLB has a potent pro-apoptotic and pro-autophagic effect on A549 and H23 cells. PLB arrests cells in G2/M phase, and increases the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species in both cell lines. PLB dose-dependently induces autophagy through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as indicated by reduced phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. Inhibition or induction of autophagy enhances PLB-induced apoptosis. There is crosstalk between PLB-induced apoptosis and autophagy. These findings indicate that PLB initiates both apoptosis and autophagy in NSCLC cells through coordinated pathways.     

An update on the clinical pharmacology of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor alogliptin used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Alogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor that is a class of relatively new oral hypoglycaemic drugs used in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other anti‐diabetic agents, including metformin, pioglitazone, sulfonylureas and insulin with a considerable therapeutic effect. Alogliptin exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in humans. Alogliptin is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6) and CYP3A4. Dose reduction is recommended for patients with moderate or worse renal impairment. Side effects of alogliptin include nasopharyngitis, upper‐respiratory tract infections and headache. Hypoglycaemia is seen in about 1.5% of the T2DM patients. Rare but severe adverse reactions such as acute pancreatitis, serious hypersensitivity including anaphylaxis, angioedema and severe cutaneous reactions such as Stevens‐Johnson syndrome have been reported from post‐marketing monitoring. Pharmacokinetic interactions have not been observed between alogliptin and other drugs including glyburide, metformin, pioglitazone, insulin and warfarin. The present review aimed to update the clinical information on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and drug interactions, and to discuss the future directions of alogliptin.     

人角质形成细胞Notch信号通路与转化生长因子β调控受体蛋白的作用

背景：在皮肤中受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa的调控至关重要,而转化生长因子β似乎是其调控的上游因子,既然Notch信号和转化生长因子β信号通道如此相关,那么Notch是不是也参加了转化生长因子β信号对受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa的调控呢？目的：探讨Notch信号通道在人角质形成细胞中对转化生长因子β调控受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa的作用的影响。方法：在分别用Jagged-1激活和用Γ-分泌酶抑制剂抑制Notch信号通道后,加入转化生长因子β,同时设立对照组,用Real-timePCR测试人角质形成细胞中受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappamRNA表达量。结果与结论：覆盖率为40%的角质形成细胞在加入了转化生长因子β后,受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappamRNA量在各时间点均高于对照组。在用Jagged-1激活Notch通道的角质形成细胞中,单独加入Jagged-1、转化生长因子β及两者都加入时均高于对照组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。在用γ-分泌酶抑制剂抑制Notch通道的角质形成细胞中,只加入转化生长因子β显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,只加入γ-分泌酶抑制剂和两者均加入时与对照组比较,差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。说明加入转化生长因子β导致角质形成细胞中受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa表达增加,而分别对Notch信号进行激活和抑制后发现,受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa信号分别显著增加和显著被抑制。所以在转化生长因子β升高受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa表达过程中Notch信号通道是非常重要且不可或缺的。     

人角质形成细胞Notch信号通路与转化生长因子β调控受体蛋白的作用

背景:在皮肤中受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa的调控至关重要,而转化生长因子β似乎是其调控的上游因子,既然Notch信号和转化生长因子β信号通道如此相关,那么Notch是不是也参加了转化生长因子β信号对受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa的调控呢?目的:探讨Notch信号通道在人角质形成细胞中对转化生长因子β调控受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa的作用的影响。方法:在分别用Jagged-1激活和用Γ-分泌酶抑制剂抑制Notch信号通道后,加入转化生长因子β,同时设立对照组,用Real-timePCR测试人角质形成细胞中受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappamRNA表达量。结果与结论:覆盖率为40%的角质形成细胞在加入了转化生长因子β后,受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappamRNA量在各时间点均高于对照组。在用Jagged-1激活Notch通道的角质形成细胞中,单独加入Jagged-1、转化生长因子β及两者都加入时均高于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。在用γ-分泌酶抑制剂抑制Notch通道的角质形成细胞中,只加入转化生长因子β显著高于对照组(P<0.01),只加入γ-分泌酶抑制剂和两者均加入时与对照组比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。说明加入转化生长因子β导致角质形成细胞中受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa表达增加,而分别对Notch信号进行激活和抑制后发现,受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa信号分别显著增加和显著被抑制。所以在转化生长因子β升高受体蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶kappa表达过程中Notch信号通道是非常重要且不可或缺的。     

An update on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alisertib,a selective Aurora kinase A inhibitor

Human Aurora kinases, including Aurora kinase A (AURKA), B (AURKB), and C (AURKC), play an essential role in mitotic events such as monitoring of the mitotic checkpoint, creation of bipolar mitotic spindle and alignment of centrosomes on it, also regulating centrosome separation, bio‐orientation of chromosomes and cytokinesis. AURKA and AURKB are key regulators of mitosis and centrosome via polymerizing microfilaments and controlling chromatid segregation. In particular, AURKA plays critical roles in the regulation of mitotic entry, centrosome function, bipolar spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation. AURKA has been found to be overexpressed in various solid and haematological cancers and has been linked with poor prognosis. Its important role in cancer initiation, growth, and metastasis has brought the focus to search for potent and selective AURKA inhibitors for cancer treatment. MLN8237, also known as alisertib, is one selective AURKA inhibitor that has shown remarkable anticancer effects in preclinical studies. Alisertib exhibits favourable pharmacokinetic properties. Alisertib has generally showed good partial response rates of 4–52% and good safety profiles in Phase I and II trials when it is solely administered as well as combined with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs. Recently, the multicentre, randomized Phase III study of alisertib in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T‐cell lymphoma has been discontinued due to unsatisfactory efficacy. The low risk of side effects, accessibility, and effectiveness of alisertib makes it a new promising anticancer therapy and further mechanistic and clinical studies are warranted.